Why cash poor Americans often fail to get ahead, and how two are trying to beat the odds.

Ilaria D’Anca, 44, in Mesa, Arizona felt that she had everything going for her with a graduate degree in advertising and public relations, with honors. She worked 20 years as a healthcare executive, earning as much as six-figure salaries for half of those years.

But between 2016-2019, she hit a rough patch that included a career change, an unprecedented flooding of her home and property, a legal battle and a falling out with family members that depleted her savings.

“I had an 806 credit score and nearly $150,000 saved in bank accounts prior to this financial crisis,” she said. “I went through every penny of it. We had three vehicles re-possessed and lost our home to foreclosure.”

“Bad financial products,” she said, worsened her situation. “Before this experience, I had no idea of the existence of these. I had 3 traditional mortgages and government-backed school loans prior.”

What are “bad financial products”?

When you’re down and out, the last thing you need is another blow to the knees. But that’s exactly what an increasing number of Americans, including those in the middle class, say they feel when they need access to short-term cash.

To cover unexpected medical bills, car repairs or other surprise expenses, Americans living paycheck-to-paycheck often turn to expensive short-term loans that can further erode their finances, according to community finance platform SoLo’s 2025 Cash Poor Report. Americans paid more than $39 billion, or 34% more than in 2023, in fees to borrow money to pay their unexpected expenses, SoLo said. Fees were on top of the advertised Annual Percentage Rate (APR), which often already reaches into the 20% range and higher for credit cards, it said.

Cash-poor Americans, or those who don’t have enough liquid cash on hand to cover unplanned expenses, often used some of the following to cover the average $1,825 emergency last year, it said.

Hard lessons

D’Anca had her first taste of these short-term, high-interest loans when her pickup truck broke down.

“They (lenders) were willing to pay my $2,200 bill for the truck’s fuel pumps, but I had to pay it back in full within 3 months, or the interest would go from 0% to 169% with the back 3-months of interest due immediately,” she said. “Let me tell you, I believe most Americans would take the bad loan over being stuck in a parking lot indefinitely. So, I did.”

In the end, the repair on the truck was faulty and caused it to not pass emissions. “We sold it at bottom-dollar and had only an $1,100 down payment for another vehicle,” she said.

Single mom Tenisha James, 47, in Waterbury, Connecticut has had a similar experience. She’s always had at least a full-time job but still couldn’t make ends meet. She’d miss payments while waiting for her paycheck to clear. Late fees and interest would accrue and end up swallowing most of her money, preventing her from ever making headway.

She tried credit cards and considered payday loans, but everything seemed impossible to pay off, she said.

James finally settled on EarnIn, an EWA company, which allowed her to “pick myself up out of debt by paying bills on time,” she said. “I got caught up and didn’t have to pay late fees anymore,” which allowed her more money to pay down debt.

EWA companies all operate a little differently, she warned, so people should research them to choose one that works for them. Some charge fees or only allow you to tap small amounts of money until you build a history with them and earn points. Others ask for optional tips or donations.

“Even if I have to pay a fee of $4.95 to get my money faster and use it four times, that’s $20,” she said. “That’s still half of the late fees I would pay anyway. So, I’m still saving, and I can put that money towards something else.”

The irony, though, is Connecticut has implemented regulations that effectively restrict EWA, which had become her lifeline, James said. She created a Facebook page, Earned Wage Access 4 CT, and a petition urging legislators to reverse the regulations. Meantime, she’s back to struggling to pay her bills on time.

Who are the cash poor?

Paycheck-to-paycheck living is often associated with working class Americans, but many middle-class Americans, including those with college degrees, those who own homes, people who are investors, and those who have six-figure incomes, are also “cash-poor,” SoLo said in its survey of 2,000 adults. One in seven cash-poor Americans makes over $75,000 a year, it said.

More than half (54%) of cash-poor Americans are women; while two-thirds are millennials and Gen X. Gen X is comprised of those born between 1965 and 1980, while millennials were born between 1981 and 1996, SoLo said.

Forty-percent, like James, work full-time and 14% are Black American, SoLo said.

“Being cash poor is a way of life for most Americans, this creates vulnerability in being able to manage variable and unplanned expenses,” said Rodney Williams, president and co-founder of SoLo.

Medora Lee is a money, markets, and personal finance reporter at USA TODAY. You can reach her at mjlee@usatoday.com and subscribe to our free Daily Money newsletter for personal finance tips and business news every Monday through Friday.

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: Odds are against those living paycheck to paycheck. How two are trying